Epidemiological characteristics and drug resistance surveillance of Shigella in infants and young children in Henan Province from 2013 to 2017 / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To investigate the pathogenic characteristics of Shigella in infants from 2013 to 2017 in Henan Province. Methods From 2013 to 2017, 606 Shigella strains were isolated from 5 149 children with diarrhea under 5 years old in Henan Province. Serotyping, drug sensitivity test and Polymerase Chain Reaction detection of virulence gene methods were used to detect the pathogen of Shigella. Results The detection rate of Shigella in children with diarrhea was 11.77%, and the highest detection rate was in the 1-2 age group(24.08%). 606 Shigella strains were divided into two groups and 11 serotypes. Shigella flexneri accounted for 73.43%， and Shigella sonnei accounted for 26.57%. Resistance of 176 Shigella strains to ampicillin and naphthidine was serious (resistance rate > 90%), and the resistance rates to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and compound sulfamethoxamine were higher than 65%, and the sensitivity of imipenem and cephalosporin were higher. There were differences in drug resistance between Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei. The virulence genes of infants were mainly shET-1+, shET-2+, ipaH+ and ial+, and 5 avirulent strains were detected. Conclusions The bacterial dysentery of infants in Henan Province is dominated by Shigella flexneri. There are serious resistance and multidrug resistance to common antibiotics, and the dominant genes in different serotyping strains are different.

Investigation on distribution of Yersinia enterocolitica in Henan province between 2005 and 2011 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the distribution of Yersinia enterocolitica in Henan province from 2005 to 2011.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 6700 samples of stool specimen were collected from diarrhea patients and different domestic animals between 2005 and 2011 from Zhengzhou, Suixian and Dengfeng, as well as flies and the daub specimens of raw and cooked meat products. The bacteria were isolated by cold enrichment method, analyzed by the systematic biochemistry to determine the serotypes and bio-types, and tested the virulence genes by PCR method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 216 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated from 11 kinds of animal hosts and foods, while 29.63% (64/216) of them were from swine. The dominant epidemic serotypes of the Yersinia enterocolitica were O: 5 and O: 8, accounted for 23.2% (50/216) and 20.4% (44/216), respectively; type 1A was the dominant bio-type, accounted for 84.7% (183/216). The dominant serotype and bio-type differed a lot among various hosts.16 pathogenic strains were isolated from swine, followed by diarrhea patients (6 strains) and dogs (6 strains).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The distribution of the host of Yersinia enterocolitica was widespread, while swine was the dominant animal host.</p>

Clinical trial on the prevention of diarrhea by oral BIFICO for infants aged 1-6 years / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the prevention of diarrhea by oral BIFICO for infants aged 1-6 years.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>490 cases of infants were randomly divided after age stratification: the experimental group (n = 247) and the control group (n = 243). Based on principles of randomized double-blind and placebo-controlled, the infants were given BIFICO (dedicated clinical research)therapy for 4 consecutive days, then observed for 21 days. 25 days composed a cycle. They were observed total 5 cycles. During the study period, principles for "the diarrhoea patients must be detected", follow-up visited the participant infants and conducted etiology detection by way of sampling for diarrhea infants. Evaluate the prevention efficacy of diarrhea by oral BIFICO for infants aged 1-6 years.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 480 completed all study. 120 and 95 infants in the control group and experimental group were detected with diarrhea. The incidence of diarrhea was 50.85% and 38.93% in these two guoup, respectively. The difference has statistical significance (chi2 = 4.175, P = 0.041). In the third observation period, the infants in the control group had a higer incidence of diarrhea compared with which in the experimental group (chi2 = 4.415, P = 0.036). 14 strains of rotavirus, 3 strains of norovirus, 3 strains of sappovirus, 2 strains of adenovirus, 5 strains of salmonella and 4 strains of Shigella were check out in 128 samples.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Oral BIFICO can paly certain preventive role on diarrhea, and decrease the incidence of diarrhea in infants aged 1-6 years.</p>

Analysis of etiological surveillance results of Shigella spp between 2009 and 2010 in Henan province / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the etiologic characteristics of bacillary dysentery found in Henan province, between year 2009 and 2010.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In order to explore the distribution of bacterial types, drug susceptibility and the virulence gene carrier situation, 482 strains of Shigella isolated in Henan province between 2009 and 2010 were pathogen-detected and analyzed by serotype screening, anti microbial sensitivity test and PCR methods.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The 482 isolated strains were confirmed to be Shigella by both morphological and biochemical tests. The Shigella strains were divided into 13 serotypes in 2 groups, namely Shigella flexneri (B group) accounting for 72.0% (347/482) and Shigella sonnei (D group), accounting for 28.0% (135/482). The detection rate of Serotype F2a, as the dominant type of Shigella flexneri, decreased from 43.4% (106/245) in 2009 to 33.8% (80/237) in 2010; while the detection rate of Shigella sonnei increased from 13.1% (32/245) to 43.5% (103/237) in the same period. The results of microbial sensitivity tests carried out in year 2009 and 2010, both showed that over 98% of the 185 studied strains were resistant to ampicillin (AMP), trimethoprim-pyrimidine (TMP), tetracycline (TE), streptomycin (S) and nalidixic acid (NA).182 strains were recruited in the virulence factors detection, 67.6% (123/182) of which carried Shigella Enterotoxin 1B (set1B), Shigella Enterotoxin 2 (set2), invasive plasmid antigen H (ipaH) or invasion-related virulence factors (ial) and 24.2% (44/182) of which carried 3 virulence factors mentioned above.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalent serotypes of Shigella in Henan province have changed in recent years. The isolated strains showed high resistance to common antibacterial drugs and generally carried virulence factors.</p>

Analysis on clinical and epidemiological characteristics of severe cases infected by EV71 / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of serious cases of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) infected by EV71, in order to provide scientific evidence for prevention and control of HFMD.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Information was collected by questionaires through consulting medical cases. Data was input by Epidata, and analysed by software SAS 9.13.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>201 severe cases were investigated. 84.65% of the cases were below 3 years old. The youngest one was 5 months and the oldest one was 8 years old. The ratio for male and female was 2.2: 1.85. 08% of the cases were distributed sporadically. 51.74% of them lived in rural, 29.36% of them lived in urban and 19.9% of them lived at the fringe area of rural and urban. 81.59% of the cases became serious between 1 and 4 days after infected. 100% cases had fever and 99.95% of them had a rash. 96.52% of them had nerve system symptoms. The main complications were virulent spinal encephalitis, pneumonia and breathing exhaustion. 98.01% of the patients were recovered or cured.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The cases aged below 3 years old are high risk persons. Rural area and the fringe area of rural and urban are the key area for disease control. 1-4 days after onset is the key period to prevent complications.</p>

Characterization of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium from outpatients of 28 hospitals in Henan province in 2006 / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To characterize the diarrheal patients with Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) infections and to set up the first baseline for S. typhimurium pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns in Henan province, thus laying a foundation for comprehensive surveillance of Salmonella in human as well as foods.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>S. typhimurium isolates recovered from outpatients with diarrhea in Henan province from May to October of 2006 were characterized. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests of 8 antimicrobial agents and PFGE were carried out to analyze the S. typhimurium isolates.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twenty-four (0.9%) S. typhimurium isolates were identified from 2661 stool specimens of diarrheal cases. Eighty-eight percent of isolates showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent. The resistance to chloramphenicol (79%) was most common. Fifty-eight percent of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. All the 14 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were resistant to more than five antimicrobial agents. Thirty-three percent of S. typhimurium isolates were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (R-type ACSSuT). Eight antimicrobia-resistant phenotypes were found among the 24 isolates in 16 PFGE patterns.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The rate of multidrug-resistant S. typhimurium is relatively high in S. typhimurium PFGE patterns of Henan province. Multidrug-resistant S. typhimurium should be considered a public health threat.</p>

Studies on heredity rule of the first genealogy regarding fatal familial insomnia in Henan province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the epidemiological,genealogic characteristic,familial history of the families with fatal familial insomnia,its clinical and pathological features as well as the heredity rule of related genes.Methods 135 familial members of 7 eras were studied.Vein blood samples from patients as well as from some familial members were collected.PRNP gene was studied with PCR,its serial was determined and then authenticated with Nsp I.Brain tissue was obtained for neuropathological test and PrPSc test with Western blot method.Results Clinical symptoms of the 2 diagnosed cases were typical.11 familial members died of similar neural disease.32 samples of their familial members,codon at D178N of PRNP of 11 members was mutated,with mutation rate as 34.38% while D129N showed as methionine.Brain tissue of both probands denaturalized into spongiform and the nerve fiber was absent but PrPSc protein was identified.Conclusion Genealogy was described in the family with fatal familial insomnia since the patients had typical clinical symptoms and pathological characteristics.It seemed necessary to confirm cases of fatal familial insomnia and their genealogy with epidemiological data and to investigate its gene characteristics as well as with neuropathological and Western blot tests.

Analysis for clinical and genetic characteristics of a sporadic FFI case / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To report and study a case of sporadic family fatal insomnia (SFFI) on its.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Investigate clinical characteristics and family disease history of a suspect FFI patient. His clinical characteristic was analyzed, he and his 14 family members genomic DNA was extracted by standard techniques from their and blood detected with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and DNA sequencing to find out his prion protein (PrP) gene mutation. The patient's CSF was detected with Western-Blot method for 14-3-3 brain protein.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The patient was diagnosed as an sporadic FFI by his developed sleep disturbance and changes in sleep-awake rhythm, motor abnormalities, mental disorder, dementia, autonomic dysfunction; his family history; his 14-3-3 brain protein-positive (CSF) and analysis results of his PrP gene (codon point mutation D178N and methionine homozygosity at position 129M/M). Suggesting that in the future to identify CJD and FFI patients, screening should focus on clinical symptoms and laboratory results. The PrP gene of 14 family members did not appear Mutation, and there is no person suffering from the same disease.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The case was diagnosed as a sporadic familial fatal insomnia. Analysis of suspicious patients' genomic DNA for PrP gene mutation might be very important for FFI diagnosis because there exist many difficulties in clinical laboratory evaluation. This patient might be the first SFFI patient reported in China and the case finding might have momentousness in clinical and basical study.</p>

Molecular epidemiology of enterohaemorrhagic Esacherichia coli O157 in some areas in China / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the epidemiological characteristics of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 and to determine the degree of its genetic relations.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques and chromosomal DNA digested by restriction enzyme Xba I according to PulseNet directions by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method were applied to 300 E. coli O157 strains isolated from patients and animal sources from 1988 to 2005 from Henan, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Very high prevalence of stx2 gene in EHEC O157:H7 strains isolated from some provinces of China was found and variation existed in some strains. We got 161 PFGE patterns from 300 strains. The stx2-producing strains could be clearly separated from stx2 variation-producing strains.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The variability of restriction enzyme-digestion patterns of O157 genomes suggested that the presence of some genomic diversity among the strains did exist.</p>

Synergistic Effect of Nerve Growth Factor on Ectopic Bone Formation Induced by Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 / 上海第二医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the bone induction of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) through local application of NGF in the osteoinductive process of BMP. Methods Thirty-six ICR mice were divided into the experimental group and control group at random, and rhBMP-2/collagen composite was implanted into the right thigh muscle pouch of each group. NGF or vehicle was daily injected into the implanted sites of BMP, respectively, for 7 days starting from the third day after surgery. At d10, d20 and d30 after implantation, new bone formation was measured radiographically, biochemically and histologically to compare the osteogenetic capacity of the two groups. Results In both groups, new bone formation was found at d10. However, there was significantly more new bone in the experimental group according to histological and radiographic examinations. At d10 and d20, alkaline phosphatase activity of the local tissue in the experimental group was significantly greater than that in the control group, and calcium and phosphonium contents of samples were also greater in the experimental group. Arrangement of collagen fibers became more regular in the experimental group than that in the control group. Conclusion NGF possesses synergistic effect on ectopic bone formation induced by rhBMP-2.

Molecular typing of the pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains with pulsed field gel electrophores isolated in China / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the epidemiological and molecular typing features of the pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains isolated in China,using pulsed field gel electrophoresis(PFGE) and standardized PFGE method as well as typing database of Yersinia enterocolitica.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>PFGE analysis was performed as Laboratory Directions for molecular subtyping of Salmonella by PFGE (PulseNet,USA) with some modifications and the results of PFGE were analyzed by BioNumerics soft (Version 4.0, Applied Maths BVBA, Belium).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>114 O:3 Yersinia enterocolitica strains were typed by 25 patterns to have found that K6GN11C30012 (50 strains), K6GN11C30015(19 strains) and K6GN11C30016(10 strains) were the major patterns. K6GNllC30012 had 92.2% cluster similarity with K6GN11C30009-K6GN11C30023. This clone included 91.23% strains of 114 0:3 Yersinia enterocolitica strains. 51 0:9 Yersinia enterocolitica strains were typed by 14 patterns; K6GN11C90004 (22 strains) and K6GN11C90010 (13 strains)were the major patterns. K6GN11C90004 had 81.8% cluster similarity with K6GN11C90010 patterns. The major patterns of 0:3 and 0:9 serotypes were quite different.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>O:3 Yersinia enterocolitica strains might originate from the same clone and had very few variation in different years and provinces but O:9 Yersinia enterocolitica strains from two different clones with some changes.</p>

Effect of Ti-6AL-4V particles on morphology and function of osteoclasts:an in vitro study / 中华创伤杂志

Objective To observe the effect of Ti-6AL-4V particles on morphological and func- tional changes of osteoclast in vitro.Methods Mature osteoclasts separated from New Zealand Rabbits were cultured on glass slices and cortical bone slices.The experimental group was stimulated by Ti-6AL- 4V particles at concentration of 0.1 mg/ml.The cells were stained with TRAP at different culture time to observe the morphological variety.The bone resorption pits on bone slices were stained by toluidine blue and the resorption areas analyzed by computer image analysis software.Results Osteoclasts phagocy- tosed the particles,with irregular shapes,deeper TRAP stain and earlier apoptosis.Stimulation by Ti- 6AL-4V particles brought about larger area of bone absorption lacuna.Conclusion Osteoclasts have the ability to phagocytose Ti-6AL-4V particles,which leads to morphological and functional changes and enhances bone resorption.